References

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Breath Alcohol References

History, Recommendations, Reports

• Borkenstein, RF. The evolution of modern instruments for breath alcohol analysis. J Forensic Sci, 5:395-444 (1960).
• Dubowski, KM. Quality assurance in breath-alcohol analysis. J Anal Toxicol 18:306-311 (1994)
• Jones, AW. An Appreciation of the Life and Career of Professor Robert Frank Borkenstein. ICADTS, (2022).
• Wigmore, JG and Langille, RM. Six generations of breath alcohol testing instruments: Changes in the detection of breath alcohol since 1930. An historical overview. J Can Soc Forensic Sci, 42:276-283 (2009).
• National Safety Council—A History of the Committee on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAOD).
• National Safety Council Position Policy Statement #130—Low Alcohol Concentration National Culture Change. 2016
•  NHTSA  DOT HS 813 233 Evaluation of Utah’s 0.05 BAC Per Se Law (2022).

Simulator Solutions

• Chow BLC and Wigmore JG. Technical Note: The stability of Aqueous Alcohol Standard Used in Breath Alcohol Testing After Twenty-Six Years Storage. J Can Soc Forensic Sci 38:21-24 (2005).
• Dubowski, KM. Breath-alcohol simulators: scientific basis and actual performance. J Anal Toxicol 3:177-182 (1979).
• Dubowski, KM and Essary NA. Evaluation of commercial breath-alcohol simulators: Further studies. J Anal Toxicol 15(5), 272-275 (1991).
• Kucmanic, J. Long-Term stability of ethanol solutions for breath-alcohol tests. J Anal Toxicol, 33(6), 328-331 (2009).
• Speck, PR, et al. The effect of breath alcohol simulator solution volume on measurement results. J Anal Toxicol 15(6), 332-335 (1991).

Dry Gas in Breath Alcohol Testing

• Dubowski, KM and Essary, NA. Vapor-Alcohol control tests with compressed ethanol-gas mixtures: scientific basis and actual performance. J Anal Toxicol 20:484-491 (1996).
• Matthias, DJ, et al. Concentration verification of ethanol/nitrogen compressed gas cylinders prior to use for periodic determinations of accuracy in California.  J Anal Toxicol 25(3), 215-218 (2001).
• Razatos, G, et al. Evaluation of a portable evidential breath alcohol analyzer. Forensic Sci Int 4:17-21 (2005).
• Silverman, LD, et al. Confirmation of ethanol compressed gas standard concentrations by an NIST-traceable, absolute chemical method and comparison with wet breath alcohol simulators. J Anal Toxicol 21(5), 369-372 (1997).

Blood/Breath Correlation

• Harding, PM, et al. Field performance of the Intoxilyzer 5000: a comparison of blood-and breath-alcohol results in Wisconsin drivers. J Forensic Sci 35:1022-1028 (1990).
• Hartung, B, et al. Comparison of venous blood alcohol concentrations and breath alcohol concentrations measured with Draeger Alcotest 9510 DE Evidential. Forensic Sci Int 258:64-67 (2016).
• Jaffe, DH, et al. Variability in the blood/breath alcohol ratio and implications for evidentiary purposes. J Forensic Sci 58:1233-1237 (2013).
• Jones, AW and Andersson, L. Variability of the blood/breath alcohol ratio in drinking drivers. J Forensic Sci, 41:916-921 (1996).
• Jones, AW, et al. Concentration-Time Profiles of Ethanol in Arterial and Venous Blood and End-Expired Breath During and After Intravenous Infusion. J Forensic Sci 42:1088-1094 (1997).
• Jones, AW. Medicolegal alcohol determination-blood-or breath-alcohol concentration? Forensic Sci Rev 12:23-47 (2000).
• Jones, AW and Andersson, L. Comparison of ethanol concentrations in venous blood and end-expired breath during a controlled drinking study. Forensic Sci Int 132:18-25 (2003).
• Jones, AW. The relationship between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and breath alcohol concentration (BrAC): a review of the evidence. Road safety web publication, 15 (2010).
• Roiu, I, et al. A comparison of breath-and blood-alcohol test results from real-life policing situations: A one-year study of data from the Central Hessian Police District in Germany. Forensic Sci Int 232:125-130 (2013).
• Skaggs, L. Comparison of Breath- and Blood-Alcohol Concentrations in a Controlled Drinking Study. J Anal Toxicol 46:683-688 (2022).
• Stowell, AR, et al. New Zealand's breath and blood alcohol testing programs: Further data analysis and forensic implications. Forensic Sci Int 178:83-92 (2008).
• Jones, AW and Cowan, JM. Reflections on Variability in the Blood–Breath Ratio of Ethanol and its Importance When Evidential Breath-Alcohol Instruments are Used in Law Enforcement. Forensic Sci Res 5:300-308 (2020).

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

• Berggren, SM and Goldberg L. The absorption of ethyl alcohol from the gastrointestinal tract as a diffusion process.  Acta Physiol Scand 1:246-270 (1940).
• Booker JL and Renfroe K. The Effects of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease on Forensic Breath Alcohol Testing. J Forensic Sci 60:1516-1522 (2015).
• Cortot A, et al. Gastric Emptying and gastrointestinal absorption of alcohol ingested with a meal. Dig Dis Sci 31:343-348 (1986).
• Gullberg RG.  Breath alcohol analysis in one subject with gastroesophageal reflux disease.  J Forensic Sci 46(6): 1498-1503 (2001).
• Holt, S. Observations on the relation between alcohol absorption and the rate of gastric emptying. J Can Med Assoc 124:267-277 (1981).
• Kechagias, S, et al. Reliability of Breath-Alcohol Analysis in Individuals with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. J Forensic Sci 44:814-818 (1999).

Mouth Alcohol

• Chu, M, et al. The effect of blood in the oral cavity on breath alcohol Analysis. J Clin Forensic Med 5:114-118 (1998).
• Gullberg, RG. The Elimination Rate of Mouth Alcohol: Mathematical Modeling and Implications in Breath Alcohol Analysis. J Forensic Sci 37:1363-1372 (1992).
• Harding, PM, et al. The Effect of Dentures and Denture Adhesives on Mouth Alcohol Retention.J Forensic Sci 37:999-1007 (1992).
• Sterling, K. The Rate of Dissipation of Mouth Alcohol in Alcohol Positive Subjects.  J Forensic Sci 57:802-805 (2012).
• Wigmore, JG and Leslie, GM. The Effect of Swallowing or Rinsing Alcohol Solution on the Mouth Alcohol Effect and Slope Detection of the Intoxilyzer 5000. J Anal Toxicol 25:112-114 (2001).
• Wigmore, JG and Wilkie, MP. A Simulation of the effect of blood in the mouth on Breath Alcohol Concentrations of Drinking Subjects. J Can Soc Forensic Sci 35:9-16 (2002).
• Wigmore, JG and Bugyra, IM. Decreasing the mouth alcohol effect by increasing the salivary flow rate.J Can Soc Forensic Sci 36:211-216 (2003).

Uncertainty of Measurement

• Adamski, J and Zuba, D. Uncertainty of Breath Alcohol Measurement. Prob Forensic Sci 101:39-49 (2015).
• Brokley-Drinkman, D and Barkholtz, HM. Estimating Uncertainty in Wisconsin’s Evidential Breath Alcohol Measurements. J Anal Toxicol 44:188-191 (2020).
• Gullberg, RG. Estimating the measurement uncertainty in forensic breath-alcohol analysis.Accred Qual Assur 11:562-568 (2006).
• Gullberg, RG, and Polissar, NL. Factors contributing to the variability observed in duplicate forensic breath alcohol measurement. J Breath Res 5:016004 (2011).
• Hwang, R, et al.  Measurement of uncertainty for vaporous ethanol concentrations analyzed by Intoxilyzer 8000 instruments. J Anal Toxicol 40:338-344 (2016).
• Hwang, R and Beltran, J. Measurement of uncertainty for aqueous ethanol wet-bath simulator solutions used with evidential breath testing instruments. J Forensic Sci 61:1359-1363 (2016).
• Vosk, T, et al. The measurand problem in breath alcohol testing. J Forensic Sci 59:811-5 (2014).
• Gullberg, RG and Logan, BK. Results of a proposed breath alcohol proficiency test program. J Forensic Sci 51:168-172 (2006).

Challenges to the Breath Alcohol Test

• Gullberg, RG. Common legal challenges and responses in forensic breath alcohol determination. Forensic Sci Rev 16:91-101 (2004).
• Hlastala, MP and Anderson, JC. The impact of breathing pattern and lung size on the alcohol breath test. Ann Biomed Eng 35: 264-272 (2007).
• Hlastala, MP. Paradigm shift for the alcohol breath test. J Forensic Sci 55:451-456 (2010).
• Ignacio-García, JM, et al. A comparison of standard inhalers for asthma with and without alcohol as the propellant on the measurement of alcohol in breath. J Aerosol Med 18:193-197 (2005).
• Jones, AW and Logan, BK, DUI Defenses, Drug Abuse Handbook, CRC Press 1998, p1006-1044
• Logan, BK and Gullberg, RG. Lack of effect of tongue piercing on an evidential breath alcohol test. J Forensic Sci 35:9-16 (2002).
• Logan, BK, et al. Evaluation of the effect of asthma inhalers and nasal decongestant sprays on a breath alcohol test. J Forensic Sci 43:197-199 (1998).

Breath Temperature and Exhalation Profiles

• Anghel, MA and Lacobescu, F. The influence of temperature and CO2 in exhaled breath. In 16th International Congress of Metrology 2013:10012.
• Bishop, SC, et al. Manual versus automatic sampling variations of a preliminary alcohol screening device. J Anal Toxicol 33: 521-524 (2009).
• Cowan, JM, et al. The relationship of normal body temperature end-expired breath temperature, and BAC/BrAC ratio in 98 physically fit human test subjects. J Anal Toxicol 34:238-242 (2010).
• Dubowski, KM. Studies in breath-alcohol analysis: Biological factors. Z Rechtsmed 76:93-117 (1975).
• Gullberg, RG. Breath alcohol test precision: an in vivo vs. in vitro evaluation. Forensic Sci Int 43:247-255 (1989).
• Gullberg, RG. The mathematical analysis of breath alcohol profiles generated during breath exhalation. J Anal Toxicol 14:358-367 (1990).
• Jones, AW. How breathing technique can influence the results of breath-alcohol analysis. Med Sci Law 22:275-280 (1982).
• Wigmore, JG. Up to Their Necks in Hot Water: Body Temperature and the BAC/BrAC Ratio. J Anal Toxicol 34:605-606 (2010).
• Hlastala, MP. The alcohol breath test—a review. J Appl Phys 84:401-408 (1998).

Interferences

• Caldwell, JP and Kim, ND. The response of the Intoxilyzer 5000® to five potential interfering substances. J Forensic Sci 42:1080-1087 (1997).
• Caravati, EM and Anderson, KT. Breath alcohol analyzer mistakes methanol poisoning for alcohol intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 55:198-200 (2010).
• Cowan Jr, JM and Oliver, RD. An in vitro study of the effects of acetaldehyde on Intoxilyzer 4011AS-A® results. J Anal Toxicol 13:208-210 (1989).
• Cowan Jr, JM, et al. The response of the Intoxilyzer 4011AS-A® to a number of possible interfering substances. J Forensic Sci 35:797-812 (1990).
• Dubowski, KM and Essary, NA. Response of breath-alcohol analyzers to acetone. J Anal Toxicol 7:231-234 (1983).
• Dubowski, KM and Essary, NA. Response of breath-alcohol analyzers to acetone: further studies. J Anal Toxicol 8:205-208 (1984).
• Flores, AL and Frank, JF. The likelihood of acetone interference in breath alcohol measurement. NHTSA Technical Report, DOT HS 806 (1985).
• Glinn, M, et al. Comparison of the analytical capabilities of the BAC Datamaster and Datamaster DMT forensic breath testing devices. J Forensic Sci 56:1632-1638 (2011).
• Jones, AW. Breath- acetone concentrations in fasting healthy men: response of infrared breath-alcohol analyzers. J Anal Toxicol 11:67-69 (1987).
• Jones, AW. Breath Acetone Concentrations in Fasting Male Volunteers: Further Studies and Effects of Alcohol Administration. J Anal Toxicol 12:75-79 (1988).
• Jones, AW. Measuring and reporting the concentration of acetaldehyde in human breath. Alcohol Alcohol 30:271-285 (1995).
• Laakso, O, et al. Effect of eight solvents on ethanol analysis by Drager 7110 evidential breath analyzer. J Forensic Sci 49:1113-1116 (2004).
• Logan, BK, et al. Isopropanol interference with breath alcohol analysis: a case report. J  Forensic Sci 39:1107-1111 (1994).
• National Safety Council Committee on Alcohol and Other Drugs: Report on the Specificity of Breath Alcohol Analyzers (Harding P and Dubowski KM), 1994.
• Strawsine, E and Lutmer, B. The effect of alcohol-based hand sanitizer vapors on evidential breath alcohol test results. J  Forensic Sci 63:1284-1290 (2017).
• Watterson, JH. Assessment of response of the Intoxilyzer® 8000C to volatiles of forensic relevance in vitro, part I: acetone, isopropanol, and methanol. J Anal Toxicol 33:109-117 (2009).

Conforming Products List

• USDOT Conforming Products List of Evidential Breath Alcohol Measurement Devices, Federal Register Vol 82, No. 211, 2017.
• USDOT Conforming Products List of Calibrating Units for Breath Alcohol Testers, Federal Register Vol 77, No. 204, 2012.